Symbolism in The Black Veil - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1103 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Minister's Black Veil Essay Did you like this example? Nathaniel Hawthorne was very craft in how he used symbolism and allegory in each of his short stories and novels. From the forest and Faiths pink ribbons in Young Goodman Brown, to Hester Prynes A in The Scarlet Letter, he had a way of using symbolism has an important feature throughout his works. One of the most iconic symbols in the story The Ministers Black Veil is the black veil itself, as it pertains to sins and lies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Symbolism in The Black Veil" essay for you Create order It shows the complicated dark and hidden side of man, along with the standards of his Puritan society and beliefs. Hawthorne uses the symbolism of the veil to represent the tension between both the minister and his community. When the minister first walks out of his home wearing the black veil, the townsfolk are astonished. The only reason as to why is because they dont know why Reverend Hooper is wearing it in the first place. There was but one thing remarkable about his appearance. Swathed about his forehead, and hanging down over his face so low as to be shaken by his breath, Mr. Hooper had on a black veil. On a nearer view it seemed to consist of two folds of crape, which entirely concealed his features, except the mouth and chin, but probably did not intercept his sight, further than to give a darkened aspect to all living and inanimate things. (pg. ) As a result of this, they begin to create their own mystery and speculations as to why he is wearing it. Theyre convincing themselves that the his hiding something, like a deformity of his face or a secret no one is supposed to know about. The veil is also creating a barrier between the townsfolk and the minister during his sermons, thus resulting in co ntroversy within the church itself. The sermon which he now delivered was marked by the same characteristics of style and manner as the general series of his pulpit oratory. But there was something, either in the sentiment of the discourse itself, or in the imagination of the auditors, which made it greatly the most powerful effort that had ever heard from their pastors lips. It was tinged, rather more darkly than usual, with the gentle gloom of Mr. Hoopers temperament. (pg. ) The minister himself thinks his veil hides his sin from the people, but hes doing more than that. He hides himself from his community, he hides himself from the woman he loves, hes become so ashamed of the sin he committed that he never takes the veil off. The black veil is the inherent symbol of the ministers sin, but it can also represent how terrible human nature can be. The black veil can represent the secret sin that, not just the minister, but everyone can carry with them. However there is also the assumption that it is a representation of a specific sin Reverend Hooper has committed, which is believed to be adultery, even though the exact sin is never mentioned. The evidence that Minister Hooper committed adultery is referenced in the beginning of the story with the young womans funeral, which is when the minister begins to wear the veil. The clergyman stepped into the room where the corpse was laid, and bent over the coffin, to take a last farewell of his deceased parishioner. As he stooped, the veil hung straight down from his forehead, so that, if her eyelids had not been closed forever, the dead maiden might have seen his face. Could Mr. Hooper be fearful of her glance, that he so hastily caught back the black veil? (pg. ) R everend Hooper also seems to be unable to tell his fiancee why wears the veil due to a promise that he made, and is not willing to show his face to her even in death. Have patience with me, Elizabeth! cried he, passionately. Do not desert me though this veil must be between us here on earth. Be mine, and hereafter there shall be no veil over my face, no darkness between our souls. It is but a mortal veil; it is not for eternity. Oh, you know not how lonely I am, and how frightened to be alone behind my black veil! (pg. ) In a different light, the black veil could represent the Puritans obsession with sin and sinfulness. The reactions to the ministers veil is one of annoyance and fear. Such was the effect of this simple piece of crape, that more than one woman of delicate nerves was forced to leave the meeting-house. Yet perhaps the pale-faced congregation was almost as fearful a sight to the minister, as his black veil to them. (pg. ) The one and only difference to the community liking the minister and not is a simple black veil covering his face. The townsfolk are being overly judgemental in nature in their belief on sin, for sinning was an undeniable mistake to them. Hawthorne wanted to show the most hardened of Puritan elders and their reaction to the minister is evidence of just how judgmental even the most seasoned religious person can be when it comes to someone or something different. Why do you tremble at me alone? cried he, turning his veiled face round the circle of pale spectators. Tremble also at each other. Have men avoided me and women shown no pity and children screamed and fled only for my black veil? What but the mystery which it obscurely typifies has made this piece of crape so awful? When the friend shows his inmost heart to his friend, the lover to his best-beloved; when man does not vainly shrink from the eye of his Creator, loathsomely treasuring up the secret of his sin,†then deem me a monster for the symbol beneath which I have lived and die. I look around me, and, lo! on every visage a black veil! The ministers black veil is a clear sign that he is trying to atone for a grave sin. Yet Reverend Hooper is implying that he intended for the veil to be a symbol of the general sinfulness of mankind and nothing specific. At that same time, the veil is a symbol of the superficiality of Puritan society. The townsfolk judge Hooper solely on his appearance, and not his behavior or character, implying that Hooper himself doesnt change after he puts on the veil, only seeming gloomier to them because of it covering his face. Its possible that these two interpretations could be one and the same: meaning the townsfolk focus on the veil because they recognize their own yet refuse to acknowledge it.

Do You Believe in Miracles Essay - 2437 Words

Let me ask you a question, do you believe in miracles? Or, more appropriately, do you consider, that in today’s scientific era, it is illogical to relate a fact out of common sense, to one that would establish a witness for the intervention of a supernatural being? Here’s a moment to think a about it. Let me guess, you’re sitting there trying to make up your mind. Don’t worry; you’re not the first person that does not believe in miracles. In the past, some two centuries ago, Scottish philosopher David Hume did not believe either. And probably you have good reason not to either. But, let’s not diverse. My focus is primarily on one of the many arguments philosophers have debated over for years. Does David Hume’s idea of ‘induction’ support†¦show more content†¦He also adds that humans make an assumption in which the events of the future will resemble the past. He rejected the idea that our experience can alone justify our beliefs of the future and suggests that when we experience something, like the sun rising every day, we assume the events of the future will resemble those of the past and that the sun will indeed rise tomorrow. He also concludes, assumptions cannot be based on logic, because as before, logically the future does not need to resemble the past. Experience, Hume points out, cannot be trusted either, because what is our experience concerns the past and the assumption is about the future. Hume’s final conclusion is something along the lines of: because saying that the future will resemble the past would prove a circular argument, Hume postulates beliefs of the future are unjustified because they are based on prior assumptions which are also unjustified. He points out clearly, that having seen the sun rise previously, we just expect it to rise in the future, and comes to the conclusion human beings form their beliefs due to custom and habit. It is important to point out also, Hume does not conclude that we can’t be sure of what will happen in the future, that beliefs that we may be unsure of can still be justified. He also warns us that he thinks we would be crazy not to have beliefs of the future. For Hume, the notion of a miracle is based on three considerable obstacles. Firstly, Hume writes, â€Å"aShow MoreRelatedDo You Believe Miracles?2389 Words   |  10 PagesDo you believe in miracles? Before, I never thought that miracles could happen till I saw one happen right before my eyes. It was very scary and one of the worst days of my life I was 15 and my brother was 17. I knew from that day on my family and my life would no longer be the same. This is how I knew miracles really do happen. My mom told him not to drive at all, but of course he didn’t listen. It was my first church youth conference and my parents wouldn’t be with me and my brother. This yearRead MoreExplaining the Term Miracle Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesExplaining the Term Miracle The word miracle comes from the Latin miraculum, which means, to marvel at, to wonder. A miracle therefore is a happening which amazes us and arouses wonder. When we say miracle we mean an event which is so mysterious that cannot be explained by scientific methods; something that we believe cannot occur naturally. A miracle involves a breach or violation of the laws of nature. Usually miracles are thought of as something that Read MoreEssay about Of Miracles by David Hume936 Words   |  4 PagesOf Miracles by David Hume In David Hume?s paper ?Of Miracles,? Hume presents a various number of arguments concerning why people ought not to believe in any miracles. Hume does not think that miracles do not exist it is just that we should not believe in them because they have no rational background. One of his arguments is just by definition miracles are unbelievable. And have no rational means in believing miracles. Another argument is that most miracles tend to come from uncivilizedRead MoreBelieving in Miracles Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesBelieving in Miracles An important stage in this course of RE is that of the belief in God. The belief in God has many different aspects to learn, one of which is the belief in miracles and how miracles lead us to believe that God exists. This essay will look at the two sides of believing in miracles. On one side of the debate is that of why miracles lead us to believe in God? And to contradict this point of view will be the problem of believing in miracles. ARead MoreEssay on Hume’s Reasons for Rejecting Miracles815 Words   |  4 PagesHume’s Reasons for Rejecting Miracles One of the main philosophers in the debate about miracles is David Hume. I will start this essay with a basic summary of Hume’s argument. Hume’s argument is not that miracles cannot happen, but that, given the amount of evidence that has established and confirmed a law of nature, there can never be sufficient evidence to prove that a law of nature has been violated. He believes that miracles have no rational background. HumeRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen889 Words   |  4 Pageshad bargained for, expecting aâ€Å"miracle† she finds out what kind of man she is married to, a typical husband in the Victorian Era society, Nora is a dynamic character in this play. Though she faces many progressions and grows from one character into another. It is through her character progressions that she discovers that she has been living a lie and she decides to open a new chapter of her life slamming the entryway of pretense and the doll ideology. The first miracle Nora expects to happen is TorvaldRead MoreHow Hume s Position Is On Human Understanding And How Knowledge Is Obtained1437 Words   |  6 PagesIn reading the Enquiry, we have to consider on how Hume’s position is on human understanding and how knowledge is obtained, will provide a distinct relationship. We know that he believes that humans gain this knowledge through our senses. Hume has provided two phrases on knowledge and how they are provided. He had stated that the experience that we gain is known as â€Å"Matters of Fact† and â€Å"Relations of Ideas†. Hume is telling us that the â€Å"matters of fact† is how we interact with the external worldRead MoreHume on Miracles Essay689 Words   |  3 PagesHume on Miracles It is evident in David Humes writing of An Equity Concerning Human Understanding that he does not believe that miracles take place. Hume is a man of logic, who believes in experience over knowledge. Of course it is hard for such a man to believe in extraordinary claims without being there to witness them. Especially when such events require a lot of faith. In order for an event to be deemed a miracle, it must disobey the laws of nature. However, it is these same lawsRead MoreThe Differences Between Prepositional and Non-Prepositional Revelation891 Words   |  4 PagesRevelation Revelation is when, how and through whom or what God reveals himself to us. It is said god reveals himself to mankind through miracles before us. God also shows himself in everything around us. God created miracles in making grass and trees, animals, night and day and also the miracle of birth and if you believe in these miracles you will notice God is revealing himself to mankind through everything. For millions of years the argue concerning propositional and non Read MoreTaking a Look at Miracles677 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are miracles? Who would be able to do these miracles? â€Å"A miracle is an event which the force of nature- including the natural powers of man-cannot of themselves produce, and which must therefore, referred to a supernatural agency† (Fisher1900,9). The existence of the miracles in hand of human still a debatable idea everywhere. Regarding to some religious perspective, perfuming miracles is an ability that given by God to holy persons such as prophets and so on. It has also,

Digital Forensics Digital Evidence Storage and Preservation

Question: Discuss about theDigital Forensicsfor Digital Evidence Storage and Preservation. Answer: Introduction: Nowadays the use of the digital technology is everywhere. In the area of the evidence storage and prevention, use of the digital technology is very popular in the recent time. In the context of the digital data, two concepts, cultural data and personal data is very important. It has been observed that the most of the people consider the digital forensic as one of the primary factor of the investigation of crime (Casey et al. 224). However, the practice of the digital evidence storage and protection is used in various sectors. It is providing lots of facilities for investigating and protecting the data from the past time. Forensic computing and computer forensics are seen as similar two technologies by the users, and can be distinguished from computational forensics, which is directed at the use of computing technology in forensics generally (Ashcroft, Daniels and Hart). Digital forensics is an extension of computer forensics, incorporating not only computers but any digital electroni c technology, from mobile phones to printers. In this research project, the applications of the chosen technology will be investigated. The benefits, challenges and other important factors associated with the research area will be investigated and analyzed in this research study. Aims and Objectives: The main aim of this research study is to find out the effectiveness of the applications of the digital evidence based practices in the various areas. The objectives of the research study will be the followings: To understand the different types of applications of the digital evidence based practices To analyze the effectiveness of the different types of available uses of the digital evidence storage and protection To understand the potential challenged associated with the use of the digital evidence practices in the different areas To provide some suitable suggestion for the proper use of the digital evidence storage and protection systems Justification Behind the Selection of this Topic: The chosen topic is about an updated technology which is very popular and currently using in many sectors. The digital technology is very helpful for the evidence storing and protection, but the technical tools should be used in proper way (Loren and Mercer). The research work in this topic will help to understand the different types of uses of the technology in the concerned field. The use of digital forensic helps in the authentication of the evidence using various biometric tools and cryptographic token. The digital evidence helps in maintaining the integrity and control the access of the documents of forensic files that helps in improving the accuracy and authenticity of the information (Hosmer, Chet). Therefore, the undertake study will help in evaluating the significant process for preserving the digital evidence. "Digital Evidence: How ItS Done exclaimed that the analysis of the digital evidence needed to be conducted by a specialised person who have been trained in the particular area. It has been difficult for the local law enforcement to keep track of the number of electronic devices and technologies currently in use. The digital forensic has changed the environment of the various types of forensic investigations in a dramatic way. The research work will help to understand the different types of changes introduced in the area of the forensic investigations (John, Daniels, and Hart). The idea regarding the upcoming updates of the forensic investigations also can be analyzed by forecasting the technical facilities associated with the digital forensic. Contribution: The main areas that will be covered in the research study are application of the digital evidence storage and prevention in cultural heritage, academic research, crime investigation and storing the personal archives. The research study will be contributed in two major areas; one is the area of the academic research area and the other is the organizations that are using the technology. The results of the research study will help the future academic researchers to use these as the empirical data. In case of different crimes, the conducted study will help the investigators to evaluate to obtained the required information in right time for targeting the pre-and post crim information from the devices used during the crime. Digital Evidence: A Short Guide Irecord cited that in many cases, the evidence collected in the forensic investigation are ether lost or damaged. Evaluating the particular process for sharing and storing information in a secure manner will assist the law enforcement in preventing the break in the chain of custody. The business organizations will understand the various types of uses of the digital evidence storing and protection in efficient ways. At the end of the research study, some recommendations will also be given which will help the organizations to find out the better ways of utilizing the digital technology for string and protecting the evidences. Design: In order to use the digital evidence the design of the proper equipments is essential. Some common forms of the digital evidences are CCTV footage, text messages, emails, media files (image, audio, video), spreadsheets, message logs, history records etc. The tools of the information technology (computers and internet connections) are the essential parts of using the digital evidences in forensic investigations. In the designing step a useful database management system need to be developed for the effective level of digital evidence handling. Use of the DVD, CD, floppy disk and USB sticks are very common for the collection of the digital evidences from one computer system to another. Its just treated like a digital data. There are lots of different areas where the digital evidences are required regarding the forensic investigations. In this context, the involvement of proper expert who is well aware about the type of data needed to be handled is required. According to Marshall and Angus, there are two types of systems that can be used for the digital evidence handling. They are open system and closed system. In the open system the computer system is connected to the internet through the public network. On the other hand the closed systems are never connected to the internet. As per Loren and Mercer, connectivity with the internet converts a closed system to an open system. Implementation / Methodology: The methodology of using the digital evidence handling system can be subdivided into several sections like planning, capturing, storing and analysis. The planning stage is about the strategy of how to capture the data. As previously discussed, the digital data may have various forms. In this context, it is necessary to make the plan depending on the types and sources of the data. In this stage, the consideration of the associated legislations is also important. Depending on the data type, the devices that will be used for data capturing are also decided (Preserving And Protecting Computer Evidence). In the capturing section, proper devices are used for capturing the dat. For example, in case of crime scene investigation, the photographs are taken by using the digital camera. In some cases, some evidences are captured through the audio recorders. In this area, the uses of the modern mobile phones are very popular. In some special cases, some specific forensic toolkits are also used for capturing the digital data (Ashcroft et al. 54). After capturing the data, it is important to store those data securely in digital format. This work is done by using the security tools of the information technology. Usually, the database management systems are used for the storing and handling of the digital evidences. In the final stage, the digital evidences are analyzed by using the computerized forensic tools. Some applications of critical thinking depending on the situations are also required for the analysis of the data or digital evidences. Issues: While handling the digital evidences, it is very important to have an efficient user for handling those. The person who may handle the evidences should be well aware about the database system using of the digital evidence handling purpose. Some minor mistake may cause a great damage to the digital evidences. Another major issue is the security. In most of the cases, the forensic evidences are confidential (Digital Evidence: How Its Done). There are some security issues, especially in the open system because of the internet threats and hackers. The users also need to avoid the unauthorized access to private data as per the legislations of the service area. Conclusion: The digital technology is one of the most updated technologies across the globe which has changed the dimension of handling the data and information in many sectors. The research work in the area of the evidence collection and protection will help to understand the different types of advance use of the digital technology in the area of the important evidence storing and securing. The research work will contribute some effective information for the organizations that are using the digital technology for this purpose and the future researchers in the academic field. Future Work: The results of the research study can be used in the further research studies on future as the empirical data. At the end of the research study, some recommendations will be given in the area of the applications of the research topic. Future research works can be done to investigate the efficiencies of the given recommendations. Bibliography: "Digital Evidence: A Short Guide - Irecord". iRecord. N. p., 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. "Digital Evidence: How ItS Done". Forensicsciencesimplified.org. N. p., 2016. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. "Preserving And Protecting Computer Evidence". Electronicevidenceretrieval.com. N. p., 2016. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. Al Fahdi, M., Nathan L. Clarke, and Steven M. Furnell. "Challenges to digital forensics: A survey of researchers practitioners attitudes and opinions."2013 Information Security for South Africa. IEEE, 2013. Ashcroft, John, Deborah Daniels, and Sarah Hart. "Forensic Examination Of Digital Evidence: A Guide For Law Enforcement". (2004): n. pag. Print. Breitinger, Frank, et al. "Towards a process model for hash functions in digital forensics."International Conference on Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime. Springer International Publishing, 2013. Casey, Eoghan, Andrew Blitz, and Christopher Steuart. "Digital Evidence and Computer Crime." (2014): 224. Flick, Uwe.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage, 2015. Gast, David L., and Jennifer R. Ledford.Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge, 2014. Hosmer, Chet. "Digital Evidence Bag". Communications Of The Acm 49.2 (2006): 69-70. Print. Loren, D and M.F.S Mercer,. "Computer Forensics Characteristics And Preservation Of Digital Evidence". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (2004): n. pag. Print. Marshall, Angus M. "Digital Forensics Digital Evidence In Criminal Investigation". A John Wiley Sons, Ltd., Publication (2008): n. pag. Print. Nance, Kara, Matt Bishop, and Amelia Phillips. "Introduction to Digital Forensics--Education, Research, and Practice Minitrack."System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, 2013. Roussev, Vassil, Candice Quates, and Robert Martell. "Real-time digital forensics and triage."Digital Investigation10.2 (2013): 158-167. Sang, Ting. "A log based approach to make digital forensics easier on cloud computing."Intelligent System Design and Engineering Applications (ISDEA), 2013 Third International Conference on. IEEE, 2013. Silverman, David, ed.Qualitative research. Sage, 2016. Simon, Matthew, and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. "Digital forensics: challenges and future research directions."Simon M and Choo KK R(2014): 105-146. Taylor, Robert W., Eric J. Fritsch, and John Liederbach.Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press, 2014. Taylor, Steven J., Robert Bogdan, and Marjorie DeVault.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons, 2015.

Science Investigatory Project free essay sample

A. ABSTRACT A study on the different nutrients present in hugas-bigas was conducted. Pechay (Brassica pekinensis) plants were divided into five groups. The first group was watered with 100 percent concentration of the first washing, the second group with 50 percent concentration of the first washing, the third group with 100 percent concentration of the second washing, the fourth group with 50 percent concentration of the second washing, and the fifth with tap water. The hugas-bigas was also tested for the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as soil and water pH. Observations of plant growth showed that the 50% concentration of the second washing contributed to the highest growth of pechay plants. The first washing of hugas-bigas had a 31. 9 percent Nitrogen concentration while the second washing had an 18. 2 percent concentration. B. INTRODUCTION Rice is the staple food of the Filipinos. It is a rich source of carbohydrates. Before cooking rice, stone and husks are picked out. Dust and mud are then washed away by water. However, some nutrients are also lost — dissolved in wash water or what Filipinos call hugas-bigas. Watering plants using hugas-bigas is a practice observed by Filipinos in rural areas. Plants watered by hugas-bigas are observed to have considerable improvement in growth. This study aims to use hugas-bigas in watering pechay (Brassica pekinensis) plants and to scientifically determine its effect on growth. The nutritive content of hugas-bigas, specifically its nitrogen, phophorus, and potassium content will also be noted and determined. C. Significance of this project To be able to understand all there is to know about Pechay’s D. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The scope of the study will include the determination of the Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (N, P, and K) content of the hugas-bigas. The pH of the hugas-bigas and the soil samples will also be determined. The height of the plants will also be measured. However, environmental factors such as sunlight, rainfall, humidity, temperature, air pressure, wind velocity, and illumi ¬nation cannot be kept constant for all set-ups. E. Definition Terms Pechay- Chinese cabbage can refer to two distinct varieties of Chinese leaf vegetables often used in Chinese cuisine. These vegetables are both variant cultivars and subspecies of the turnip and belong to the same genus as such Western staples as cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Pechay Pechay (Brassica Pekinensis) is also called Chinese cabbage, petsai, won Bok and nappa. It is a versatile garden vegetable that may be used in making salads, coleslaw, or added to other stir-fried vegetables. Its crisp, tender leaves have a milder and sweeter taste than true cabbage. It is a good source of vitamin A, folic acid and potassium (Van Syk, 1996). The average pechay has a cylindrical head of four inches thick and a length of up to 18 inches long. The predominant variety of the petchay has creamy yellow crinkly thickly veined inner leaves. It outer leaves are light green with a white midrib. The pechay is available all year round and best planted in The summer. The heads of the mature Chinese cab-. bage are normally harvested when it is fully developed. It takes 70 to 90 days from planting for the pechay to reach maturity. Rice Rice (Oryza sativum) is a principal food of almost half the worlds population. Rice flourishes in Southeast Asia where there is warmth and moisture. It reaches an average height of around 1 metre. The fruit, a grain, is produced on the nodding panicle of spikelets at the apex of the stalk. A brown, fibrous husk surrounds a bran layer which encloses a white endosperm (Microsoft Encarta). When the husks are removed, brown rice isleft. A hundred grams of brown rice is comprised of 7. 5 protein, 1. 8 percent fat, 15 milligrams of calcium, 1. 4 milligrams of iron, 357 calories, 0. 3 milligrams of vitamin B, 0. 05 milligrams of vitamin B2, and 4. 6 milligrams of nicotinic acid (Bender, 1972). The remaining 100 grams are carbohydrates containing compounds. The consumption of brown rice has increased because of the nutritional value of rice bran. As the layers of rice are removed through pounding, milling, and washing, the proportion of the nutrients in the resulting grain is diminished while the proportion of the carbohydrates increases. When the hutritious bran is removed, white rice is left. Polished rice contains approximately 25 percent carbohydrates, trace amounts of iodine, iron (1 mg), magnesium, vitamin B (0. 08 mg), vitamin B2 (0. 03 mg) and phosphorous, and negligible amounts of fat (0. 7 percent) and protein (6. 7 percent) per 100 g of rice. Carbohydrates content in rice consists of a polymer of glucose, starch. Starch is sometimes extracted from rice in East Asia to produce rice wine. Most starches are made up of two components, amylase and amylopectin. Most of the water soluble nutrients present in rice, vita-mins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and minerals, such as phosphorus, calcium, and iron, loose starch granules and proteins are washed away before rice is cooked. Before cooking, rice is soaked and washed at least twice with tap water. The nutritious liquid waste is then disposed of. Sometimes, the wash-water is made into am, a liquid given to infants and children suffering from dehydration. In the provinces it is a practice among Filipino women to water their plants with hugas-bigas. Fertilizer A fertilizer is any natural or manufactured material that is combined with soil to increase plant growth. Plants need three essential nutritional elements: nitrogen, phosphorus, and po ¬tassium; secondary elements, calcium. Magnesium and sulfur; small amounts of micronutrients, boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc. Plants obtain these nutri ¬ents from the soil. Natural fertilizers such as animal manure are bulky and hard to transport. Manufactured fertilizers are expensive. The value of a fertilizer depends on its nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, and the presence or absence of other elements. A simple fertilizer contains only one plant nutrient. An example is super phosphate, a simple phosphate fertilizer. A multiple fertilizer contains two or more of the primary plant nutrients. Example includes ammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate (Camus, 1989. ) Chapter II 1) METHODOLOGY A. Materials a) Pechay b) Hugas Bigas B. Procedure Pechay Planting Pechay seeds were gathered. There were five treatment groups with two pots allocated to each group. The pots were planted with 20 seeds each. The treatment groups were the control (100 percent tap water), first 100 (100 percent, first washing), first 50 (50 percent, first washing), second 100 (100 percent, second washing), second 50 (50%, second washing). The hugas-bigas was prepared with the ratio of a kilogram of rice is a liter of tap water for both first and second washings. The plants were watered everyday with 200 mL of the assigned treatment. Plant height was checked after the second and third week. Chapter III A. Presentation Nitrogen and Phosphorus Testing The hugas- bigas was tested for the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus, nutrients needed for plant growth. The appa ¬ratus for testing the presence of potassium (flame photometer) was not available so the test was not conducted. The presence of nitrogen was tested using the modified Kjeldahl wet digestion method. A 2g sample was collected and digested with 6 mLof 12 M sulfuric acid and 2g of mixed indicator (made up of selenium powder, copper and iron sulfate, bromcresol green and phenyl red. ) The solution was diluted to 50 and then distilled with 25 mL 40% technical sodium hydroxide and 10 mL 20 % 0. 2% boric acid. A reagent blank (no sample) was made. The distilled solution was then titrated with a 1. 33 M solution of sulfuric acid. The result were then computed to get the percent nitrogen content of the samples, using the formula Yo N (Vs— Vi,) NH2SO4 x 1. 4 2g x 20 The presence of phosphorus was determined using the modified Bray no. 2 method. Two g samples of the soil and the hugas-bigas were mixed with reagents such as ammonium molybdate hexahydrate and stannous chloride and then diluted to 50mL. Fifty, 100, 200, 300, and 500 part-per-million (ppm) standards were made with potassium dihydrogen phosphate to set the spectrophotometer. The solutions were read in a spectrophotometer. B. Analyses of Data RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Most of the water soluble nutrients present in rice, vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, minerals such as phospho ¬rus, calcium, and iron loose starch granules and proteins are washed away with the water after washing the rice. If the wash is not used immediately (i. e within two days), it will smell bad indicat ¬ing the presence of microorganisms the results from the pH testing show that hugas-bigas is acidic. This proves that hugas-bigas has more components than ordinary water that is responsible for its acidity. These components include dirt and nutrients that come from the rice itself. Rice comes from threshed palay. The brown husk of the palay is where the stored food is located. Thus, even after threshing rice will have some nutrients on its surface which, When washed, will mix with the water. The first washing has a higher pH than the second washing. The soil used was mildly acidic. The pH data may be correlated with the height of the pechay plants. The plants treated with the 100 percent concentration of the first washing showed the least growth because the hugas-bigas proved to be acidic and thus became a deterrent to the plant. The ones planted in the 50 percent second washing showed the best results. Presence of nitrogen in the hugas-bigas gave a positive result. The nitrogen content of the first washing was higher than that of the second washing. The high nitrogen concentration may be taken into account by the protein (amino acid) content of the rice. Tap water was used for practicality. Households dont wash their rice using distilled water. The arguments that tap waster’s properties such as pH and chlorine content are not compared to distilled water are not actually a limitation to the study but an advantage. The results of this study maybe directly applied not only in the laboratory but also in everyday life. Plants do not have mobile functions like humans or animals and therefore need to absorb nutrients from their environment. Sunlight, water carbon dioxide, and nutrients are made into food during the process of photosynthesis. The radiant energy of the sun plus the chemical energy of the nutrients make up the plants food which they manufacture on their own. Fertilizers, as well as plant additives, give plants extra nutrients it needs for optimum growth. Nitrogen comes from amino acid which is responsible for root growth. Phosphorous is the nutrient responsible in building cells. It is also used to store and use energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATO as it is commonly known. Potassium is used by cells to balance food intake and waste removal. Since there are water soluble nutrients in the hugas-bigas, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, the hugas-bigas is able to provide the right amount of water and the nutrients it needs. The 100 percent concentration of the first washing of the hugas-bigas was too acidic and it had nutrients in excess of what is needed by the plant and therefore deterred its growth. The 50 percent concentration of the second washing though had the right combination of water and nutrients which resulted in the tallest plant heights. Chapter IV A. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Results from the pH testing have shown that hugas-bigas is slightly acidic, which in high concentrations, would repress the growth of pechay plants. However, a weaker concentration such as the 50 percent second washing could be used as substitute for tap water. B. RECOMMENDATION It is recommended that researchers who wish to conduct the same experiments would have more knowledge in agriculture. They should also allot a longer time frame for planting and harvesting the plants because of conditions beyond mans control. They could also use other plants to see the effect of hugas ¬bigas on other plants. It is not only important to measure the height of the shoot, but also root length and the dry weights of the plants. Further studies should observe and compare the growth of leaves, stem and root of the plant.